As the southern hemisphere enters summer the applications team at Edinburgh Analytical takes a look at its investigation into the protectivity of sunglasses. This study started after a sunny trip to San Diego California in 2019 pre-covid restrictions. One of our team was struggling with the sunny days after forgetting their sunglasses, so quickly bought an inexpensive pair from a street vendor which started them thinking about UVA UVB transmittance.
Figure 1: Some of our team enjoying conferences and the sights of San Diego in 2019.
The team began a group discussion about the quality of these cheap sunglasses. Does the low price really cause them to offer less or no protection from the sun’s rays or the UVA UVB transmittance specifically? Is it all branding that makes the higher costing sunglasses able to charge a premium price? Being headquartered in Scotland, this is not usually a worry for our Edinburgh Analytical team, so we decided to dig into this a bit more.
Different countries have different standards required for sunglass manufacturers. In some cases, unbranded, cheaper sunglasses may only block the visible light and let through the damaging UV-light. In fact, did you know that tinted lenses which only block the visible light are actually more harmful to the eyes than not wearing any sunglasses at all!?! This is because the tinted lenses will cause the pupils to dilate, which in turn exposes the eyes to increased UV light. Clearly an issue for UVA UVB transmittance.
So, what actually is UV light? Why is it dangerous, and what should we be looking out for qualifying information on our sunglasses to manage UVA UVB transmittance?
Figure 2 Types of UV Radiation
UV light is a type of electromagnetic radiation which falls in between x-rays and visible light. It is the radiation responsible for sun tans and sun burns alike – too much exposure to UV radiation can be extremely dangerous to living tissue.
UV light is split into three types A, B, and C, Figure 2. UVC is the most energetic and damaging type of UV radiation covering 100-280 nm, however, is it completely absorbed by the ozone layer and does not reach the Earth’s surface.
UVB radiation, 280-315 nm, can reach the Earth’s surface and is wholly absorbed by the cornea and reaches the lens and retina.
UVA radiation, 315-380 nm, also passes through ozone and onto the Earth’s surface which can cause cataracts. Additionally, exposure to UVA has been linked to other eye diseases such as macular degeneration. The purpose of sunglasses is to stop the UVA and UVB radiation from reaching the eyes.
Our DB30 is key to this answer. After researching the dangers of UV radiation and UVA UVB transmittance to the eyes we thought we would test how effective those cheap sunglasses really were at blocking UVA and UVB light using our DB30 Double Beam UV-Vis Spectrophotometer by measuring their transmittance.
Figure 3 DB30 Double Beam UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
The glasses were placed in the sample path so that the incident light was perpendicular to the surface of one of the sunglass lenses, and the blank path was left empty. The variation in % transmittance with wavelength was recorded as shown in Figure 4. The sunglasses transmit between 10-30% of the light in the visible region of the spectrum (380-750 nm). Below 400 nm the sunglasses block lights, with the transmittance dropping to less than 0.1% and therefore offer excellent eye protection.
Figure 4 Transmittance of the Sunglasses
In the UK and the EU sunglasses are classified under the European Standard BS EN ISO 12312-1:2013, which defines 4 categories based on the % transmittance in the UVB, UVA and visible regions of the spectrum (Table 1). Comparing Figure 4 with Table 1 it can be seen that the sunglasses comply with BS EN ISO 12312-1:2013 standard and would be classified as general purpose sunglasses category 2.
Table 1 BS EN ISO 12312-1:2013 Categories for Sunglasses
Pulse Widths ns: 50, 100, 200, 500
μs: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 , 1000
External Trigger Width Mode Pulse width and repetition rate defined by external trigger input
Max. duty cycle 50%
CW Mode Yes
Bias Supply 15 Vdc +/- 5%, 15W (2.1mm DC jack)
Trigger Output SMA, NIM Standard
Interlock Input Hirose HR10A-7P-4P(73), (Link pin 1 and pin 2 to ground – interlock healthy)
Trigger Input Hirose HR10A-7P-4P(73), (Signal pin 4 and ground pin 3)
Trigger Input Signal TTL > 50 ns pulse. Trigger on rising edge.
0.0 V < Low level < 0.5 V, 2.5 V < High level < 5 V
Key Switch Yes
Beam Quality 10% – 90% knife edge method
Beam diameter < 9.5 mm at VPL output aperture
Beam diameter < 25 mm after 250 mm propagation
Spectral Conditioning Built-in filter to minimize out-of-band emission (no spectral filtering needed)
Physical Dimensions Overall: 168 mm length x 64 mm x 64 mm
Collimator tube: φ 30 mm x 38 mm
Tapped Holes for Stud Mount 2 x M6
Weight (g) 750g
Sunglasses need to be tested and regulated to protect our eyes from damaging UV rays and UVA UVB transmittance. Fortunately for our team member the investigation back at base in Scotland proved these quick buy inexpensive sunglasses were indeed a safe purchase. Thanks to our DB30 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer we proved the extremely low transmittance through the sunglasses at dangerous UV wavelengths meaning they offered exemplary eye protection.
The DB30 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer is a high-performance dual-beam instrument that measures absorption and transmission as a function of wavelength and is suitable for many analytical applications where accuracy and precision measurements are key to your results.
Designed in the UK, the DB30 provides a modern, user-friendly and accurate UV-Vis spectrophotometer for a wide range of sample types and measurements.
Discover more about the DB30 here.
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